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Challenges of human–machine collaboration in risky decision-making

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2022年第9卷第1期页码 89-103 doi: 10.1007/s42524-021-0182-0

摘要： The purpose of this paper is to delineate the research challenges of human–machine collaboration in risky decision-making. Technological advances in machine intelligence have enabled a growing number of applications in human–machine collaborative decision-making. Therefore, it is desirable to achieve superior performance by fully leveraging human and machine capabilities. In risky decision-making, a human decision-maker is vulnerable to cognitive biases when judging the possible outcomes of a risky event, whereas a machine decision-maker cannot handle new and dynamic contexts with incomplete information well. We first summarize features of risky decision-making and possible biases of human decision-makers therein. Then, we argue the necessity and urgency of advancing human–machine collaboration in risky decision-making. Afterward, we review the literature on human–machine collaboration in a general decision context, from the perspectives of human–machine organization, relationship, and collaboration. Lastly, we propose challenges of enhancing human–machine communication and teamwork in risky decision-making, followed by future research avenues.

关键词： human–machine collaboration risky decision-making human–machine team and interaction task allocation human–machine relationship

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人工智能与统计分析 Perspective

Bin YU, Karl KUMBIER

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第19卷第1期页码 6-9 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1700813

摘要：人工智能（artificial intelligence, AI）本质上是由数据驱动的。在其通过人机协作完成数据生成、算法开发与结果评估的任务中，需要应用许多统计概念。本文讨论了如何通过数据产生、兴趣问题探究、训练数据代表性和对结果审视等环节（Population, Question of interest, Representativeness of training data, Scrutiny of results, PQRS）来解决人机协作的问题。PQRS的工作流程为融合统计分析的思想与人类输入提供了一个概念框架。这些统计分析的思想包括通过随机化、局部控制以及稳定性的原则来获得算法和结果的可重复性与可解释性。我们讨论了这些原则在自动驾驶、自动医疗以及作者其他合作研究中的应用。

关键词：人工智能；统计；人机协作

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The imperative need to develop guidelines to manage human versus machine intelligence

Donald KENNEDY, Simon P. PHILBIN

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第2期页码 182-194 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2018085

摘要： Machine intelligence is increasingly entering roles that were until recently dominated by human intelligence. As humans now depend upon machines to perform various tasks and operations, there appears to be a risk that humans are losing the necessary skills associated with producing competitively advantageous decisions. Therefore, this research explores the emerging area of human versus machine decision-making. An illustrative engineering case involving a joint machine and human decision-making system is presented to demonstrate how the outcome was not satisfactorily managed for all the parties involved. This is accompanied by a novel framework and research agenda to highlight areas of concern for engineering managers. We offer that the speed at which new human-machine interactions are being encountered by engineering managers suggests that an urgent need exists to develop a robust body of knowledge to provide sound guidance to situations where human and machine decisions conflict. Human-machine systems are becoming pervasive yet this research has revealed that current technological approaches are not adequate. The engineering insights and multi-criteria decision-making tool from this research significantly advance our understanding of this important area.

关键词： human intelligence & machine intelligence HI-MI decision-making artificial intelligence

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基于阻抗控制的人机协作范式研究及其机器人装配应用 Article

赵兴炜, 陈沂洺, 钱璐, 陶波, 丁汉

《工程（英文）》 2023年第30卷第11期页码 83-92 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.08.022

摘要：

人-机器人协作由于人和机器人的优势互补而成为一个新兴的研究领域。本文提出了一种基于阻抗控制人机协作理论框架。在人机理论协框架下，人是决策者，机器人是执行者，装配任务提供环境约束。机器人是执行装配动作的主要执行者，具有位置控制、拖动控制、正阻抗控制和负阻抗控制等方式。为了揭示人机协作框架的特点，本文讨论了不同控制模式的切换条件图和人机协同耦合系统的稳定性分析。最后进行了人机协作装配实验，在装配公差为0.08 mm或配合过盈配合时，均可完成装配任务。实验表明，人机协同装配具有人与机器人的互补优势，能够有效地完成复杂的装配任务。

关键词：人机协作阻抗控制机器人装配

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Digitalization for supply chain resilience and robustness: The roles of collaboration and formal contracts

《工程管理前沿（英文）》页码 5-19 doi: 10.1007/s42524-022-0229-x

摘要： Black swan events such as the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak cause substantial supply chain disruption risks to modern companies. In today’s turbulent and complex business environment, supply chain resilience and robustness as two critical capabilities for firms to cope with disruptions have won substantial attention from both the academia and industry. Accordingly, this study intends to explore how digitalization helps build supply chain resilience and robustness. Adopting organizational information processing theory, it proposes the mediating effect of supply chain collaboration and the moderating effect of formal contracts. Using survey data of Chinese manufacturing firms, the study applied structural equation modelling to test the research model. Results show that digitalization has a direct effect on supply chain resilience, and supply chain collaboration can directly facilitate both resilience and robustness. Our study also indicates a complementary mediating effect of supply chain collaboration on the relationship between digitalization and supply chain resilience and an indirect-only mediation effect on the relationship between digitalization and supply chain robustness. Findings reveal the differential roles of digitalization as a technical factor and supply chain collaboration as an organizational factor in managing supply chain disruptions. Paradoxically, formal contracts enhance the relationship between digitalization and supply chain resilience but weaken the relationship between supply chain collaboration and supply chain resilience. The validation of moderating effects determines the boundary conditions of digitalization and supply chain collaboration and provides insights into governing supply chain partners’ behavior. Overall, this study enhances the understanding on how to build a resilient and robust supply chain.

关键词： digitalization supply chain resilience robustness collaboration formal contract

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Diffusion of municipal wastewater treatment technologies in China: a collaboration network perspective

Yang Li, Lei Shi, Yi Qian, Jie Tang

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-0903-0

摘要： Real wastewater treatment technology diffusion process was investigated. The research is based on a dataset of 3136 municipal WWTPs and 4634 organizations. A new metric was proposed to measure the importance of a project in diffusion. Important projects usually involve central organizations in collaboration. Organizations become more central by participating in less important projects. The diffusion of municipal wastewater treatment technology is vital for urban environment in developing countries. China has built more than 3000 municipal wastewater treatment plants in the past three decades, which is a good chance to understand how technologies diffused in reality. We used a data-driven approach to explore the relationship between the diffusion of wastewater treatment technologies and collaborations between organizations. A database of 3136 municipal wastewater treatment plants and 4634 collaborating organizations was built and transformed into networks for analysis. We have found that: 1) the diffusion networks are assortative, and the patterns of diffusion vary across technologies; while the collaboration networks are fragmented, and have an assortativity around zero since the 2000s. 2) Important projects in technology diffusion usually involve central organizations in collaboration networks, but organizations become more central in collaboration by doing circumstantial projects in diffusion. 3) The importance of projects in diffusion can be predicted with a Random Forest model at a good accuracy and precision level. Our findings provide a quantitative understanding of the technology diffusion processes, which could be used for water-relevant policy-making and business decisions.

关键词： Innovation diffusion Collaboration network Wastewater treatment plant Complex network Data driven

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Study on affecting factors of collaborative product development based on collaboration hierarchy model

ZHANG Xiaodong, LI Yingzi, ZHANG Zhiqiang

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第2卷第2期页码 210-213 doi: 10.1007/s11465-007-0036-4

摘要： Aiming at the levels of collaborative degree in web-based product development, a collaboration hierarchy model of this product development is developed in this paper. Based on the model, the affecting factors on collaboration levels are analyzed systematically from many aspects, such as technology, organization and business. A gap analysis method is studied in detail, and is applied in a real project. The application shows that it can solve the diverse problems of collaborative product development effectively, and help enterprises find out the critical factors that affect the collaboration.

关键词： development web-based business collaborative collaboration hierarchy

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Common biases in client involved decision-making in the AEC industry

Sujesh F. SUJAN, Arto KIVINIEMI, Steve W. JONES, Jacqueline M. WHEATHCROFT, Eilif HJELSETH

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第2期页码 221-238 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0026-3

摘要： Understanding of the constitution of client involved decisions is important for future improvements of the processes. Significant decisions in construction projects are reliant on heuristic processes where assumptions are developed from past experience. The paper presents a methodology to collect empirical data in an unstructured manner utilizing participant intuition and experience regarding project level collaboration, a term easily understood by practitioners. Empirical data collected from 6 focus group discussions in Norway and 18 individual interviews in Finland is associated with biases in decision making aimed at bridging the gap of understanding and literature’s insufficient coverage. An analytic framework was developed to suit the diverse emergence of concepts to allow application of psychological principles in a structured manner to empirical data. The paper contributes by identifying types of cognitive and motivational biases in client involved decisions. The biases are found to be alleviated by one another depending on the particular application of the decision. Findings suggest that normative beliefs exist developed from past experience and habitual thinking. A number of emerged biases in this domain are alleviated from normative beliefs which are discussed in this paper.

关键词： collaboration construction industry social science decision-making client cognitive bias motivational bias holistic analysis human factor

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基于人体髋关节转动中心分析的髋关节外骨骼仿生设计 Article

Wei YANG,Can-jun YANG,Ting XU

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第17卷第8期页码 792-802 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1500286

摘要：为了改善外骨骼穿戴舒适性，本文提出了一种基于人机物理交互优化的外骨骼设计方法。该方法通过设计外骨骼髋关节，使其保证人体髋关节运动时外骨骼髋关节转动中心能跟随人体髋关节转动中心的运动轨迹。当人体髋关节运动时，通过实验测量和计算可以得到其转动中心轨迹。本文设计的外骨骼髋关节运动机构能在人体髋关节屈曲/伸展和外展/内收时，保证转动中心都能够包容人体髋关节转动中心运动范围。同时，所设计的外骨骼髋关节被应用到下肢步行康复训练外骨骼中。通过人机接触力实验可知，与传统设计外骨骼髋关节进行相比，本文设计的仿生髋关节外骨骼在髋关节屈曲/伸展和内收/外展时分别可以减小24.1%和76.0%的人机接触力。这一结果证明仿生设计髋关节外骨骼更具穿戴舒适性，更符合人机工程学的设计要求。最后，本文通过建立人机闭式链模型进一步分析了仿生设计对于人体髋关节内力的影响，并验证该设计能减少关节内力作用。

关键词：髋关节外骨骼；髋关节中心；柔顺关节；人机交互力

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人机互信的知识自动化与混合增强智能：复杂系统认知管控机制及其应用 Research Article

王飞跃1,郭剑波2,卜广全3,张俊4

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第23卷第8期页码 1142-1157 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2100418

摘要：本文旨在阐述复杂系统认知、管理和控制中人机互信的混合增强智能和知识自动化机制与应用。本文从复杂系统研究的发展历程出发，通过对复杂系统的特性、人工智能科技、人机混合增强智能科技及其在复杂系统管控中的必要性阐述，分析了人类智能、机器智能在复杂系统管控中的优势与局限性，并提出“人机互信知识自动化”的概念。以电力系统大电网调控为背景，阐述了未来人机混合智能在大电网调度中可能的技术路径和应用基础，并以潮流校正控制为例，说明人机知识自动化任务流程的完成过程。通过本文内容的阐述，希望对基于人机混合增强智能的复杂系统管理和控制的理论方法提供一种新的机制和应用路径，并对社会典型复杂系统管控的数字化、智能化建设起到积极作用。

关键词：复杂系统；人机知识自动化；平行系统；大电网调度；人工智能；智联网

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基于参考网格的差分眼部外观网络的视线估计 Article

顾菘, 王力翚, 何龙, 何先定, 王建

《工程（英文）》 2021年第7卷第6期页码 777-786 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.08.027

摘要：

人类的视线可以有效地传递人们的意图，因此，视线估计方法是智能制造中意图传递的重要研究内容。很多方法通过分析眼部图像，称为眼部图像片，实现视线方向的回归运算。但是，由于眼部图像存在个体差异，这类方法很难建立一个样本无关模型进行视线估计。在本文中，作者假设人眼的外观差异与视线方向差异有直接联系。基于这个假设，本文利用双眼眼部图像片在不同视线时的图像差异估计相应两种视线的差值，构建了差分眼部外观网络（differential eyes’ appearances network, DEANet），并在公共数据集中进行训练。本文提出的DEANet主要基于孪生神经网络（Siamese neural network, SNNet）构建，包含两个结构相同的网络分支。多流数据分别输入到此孪生神经网络的两个分支中。两个网络分支共享相同的权值，实现眼部图像片的特征提取，然后对特征进行拼接，从而获得视线方向的差异。只要完成了视线方向差异模型的训练，在少量的校准图像片的情况下，就可以对其他样本的视线方向差异进行估计。由于测试阶段包含了被测试者的眼部信息，因此估计精度进一步提高。此外，本文提出的方法还有效地避免了在训练样本相关模型时需要大量数据的问题。本文还提出了一种参考网格策略，以便在测试阶段有效地选择一些参考眼部图像片，将它们作为网络的一部分输入，从而进一步提高估计精度。在公共数据集上的实验表明，本文提出的方法优于当前的方法。

关键词：视线估计视线方向差孪生神经网跨样本估计人机协作

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人工智能走向2.0

潘云鹤

《工程（英文）》 2016年第2卷第4期页码 409-413 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.04.018

摘要：

随着互联网的普及、传感网的渗透、大数据的涌现、信息社区的崛起，以及数据和信息在人类社会、物理空间和信息空间之间的交叉融合与相互作用，当今人工智能(AI) 发展所处信息环境和数据基础已经发生了深刻变化，人工智能的目标和理念正面临重要调整，人工智能的科学基础和实现载体也面临新的突破，人工智能正进入一个新的阶段。这个源于传统而又与之不同的人工智能新阶段被称为人工智能2.0(AI 2.0)。本文从人工智能60 年的发展历史出发，通过分析促成人工智能2.0形成的外部环境与目标的转变，分析技术萌芽，提出了人工智能2.0 的核心理念，并结合中国发展的社会需求与信息环境特色，给出了发展人工智能2.0 的建议。

关键词：人工智能2.0 大数据群体智能跨媒体人机混合智能无人智能系统

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Self-organizing method for collaboration in multi-robot system on basis of balance principle

DONG Yangbin, JIANG Jinping, HE Yan

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第3卷第3期页码 283-287 doi: 10.1007/s11465-008-0044-z

摘要： By analyzing the operation characteristics of two subtasks that have resource dependency on each other, this paper demonstrates the impact of progress relation between the two subtasks on the whole task’s progress, and then puts forward a self-organizing principle called balance principle that keeps the individual profit between robots equal. Furthermore, an algorithm is designed for adjusting subtask selection on the basis of this principle. Simulation shows the validity of the algorithm on self-organizing task allocation in a multi-robot system.

关键词： algorithm self-organizing principle validity Simulation allocation

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人非机器——面向超灵活智能制造的以人为本的人机共生

陆玉前, Juvenal Sastre Adrados, Saahil Shivneel Chand, 王力翚

《工程（英文）》 2021年第7卷第6期页码 734-737 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.09.018

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人机混合增强智能：研究与应用 Editorial

薛建儒1,胡斌2,李灵犀3,张军平4

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第23卷第8期页码 1139-1141 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2250000

摘要： Current research on artificial intelligence (AI) has been entering a new era, with AI technologies and AI-enabled applications emerging in almost every aspect of human life. Meanwhile, avoiding the risk caused by limitations of AI technologies has become a grand challenge. The main idea of human-machine augmented intelligence (HAI) is to adopt the role of humans or to embed human-like cognitive abilities into intelligent machines. Increasing attention and efforts from academia, industry, and governments are attracted by the HAI idea, whose effects are far-reaching. Two fundamental formulations of HAI include human-in-the-loop HAI (HITL-HAI) and cognitive computing based HAI (CC-HAI), which have become hot and fundamental frontiers of AI, and an increasing amount of original research has emerged in recent years. Recent existing research activities on HITL-HAI include theories for human-machine collaboration, human-brain interfaces, human-machine coordination and teaming, and advanced perception and smart environments for human-machine collaboration. In particular, HITL-HAI has been widely used in interactive simulation models in aviation, driving, and robotics. In such simulations, humans play an important role because they influence the simulated environment with their own actions. Brain-computer interfaces have become increasingly important among communication channels for human-machine collaboration. CC-HAI aims to develop computational models to mimic the mechanism or function of the human brain and improve a machine’s capabilities of perception, reasoning, and decision-making. We have witnessed an increasing amount of research work on casual models, intuitive reasoning models, and associative memories that are proposed with the forms of deep neural networks.

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标题作者时间类型操作

Challenges of human–machine collaboration in risky decision-making

期刊论文

人工智能与统计分析

Bin YU, Karl KUMBIER

期刊论文

The imperative need to develop guidelines to manage human versus machine intelligence

Donald KENNEDY, Simon P. PHILBIN

期刊论文

基于阻抗控制的人机协作范式研究及其机器人装配应用

赵兴炜, 陈沂洺, 钱璐, 陶波, 丁汉